Argumentative Essay On Medical Marijuana - 1128 Words

Despite medical marijuana laws in 44 states, marijuana is still considered illegal under federal law. In the state of Wyoming any person found using or under the influences of marijuana is subject to a misdemeanor punishable by a maximum of 6 months imprisonment and a maximum fine of $750, or both. Federal marijuana laws are very serious, and the punishment for people found guilty is frequently very harsh. Federal law still considers marijuana very dangerous illegal a drug with no relation to medicinal purposes. Most of the uses for medical marijuana is extracted through hemp. Hemp comes from cannabis sativa plant and hemp does not contain enough THC to get you high. I strongly believe marijuana should be legalized because†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reducing chronic pain from widespread number of causes, including cancer, spinal cord injury and disease, severe spasms, post-traumatic stress disorder, nausea, glaucoma, Parkinsons and other debilitating ailments. The drug could prove useful in other applications if patients were allowed to use it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Herald Editorial Board) being that marijuana is illegal in most of the united states except for 29 states. Its pretty ironic that some of the states passing marijuana Include Washington dc the state that the president resides in the white house, Massachusetts the state that has one of the top five colleges in America Harvard university have already legalized marijuana. A trial conducted in 2012 revealed that cannabis extract significantly decreased the bodies muscles and stiffness. â€Å"The evidence is overwhelming that marijuana can relieve certain types of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms caused by illnesses as multiple sclerosis, cancer, and AIDS or by the harsh drugs commonly used to treat them.† marijuana is less toxic than many prescribed drugs commonly used. Thc compared to alcohol, heroin, cocaine, and meth is considered and tested to be the least dangerous of all those drugs. Marijuana is also a nonaddictive drug and nonlethal meaning no matter how much THC you put in your body you will never overdose. We can band a drug thatShow MoreRelatedMedical Marijuana Argumentative Essay891 Words   |  4 Pageschemicals in medical marijuana. Marijuana, when used medically, can reduce anxiety, depression, and nausea, as well as many other uses. It helps strengthen the economy. Addiction is a huge worry, but marijuana used to get people off of crack and meth, so how addictive can it really be? With medical marijuana, the skys the limit. Medical marijuana has tons of potential in the world of meds, it can get tons of money through taxes, and isn’t as addictive as people believe. Medically, marijuana has tonsRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Medical Marijuana753 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States, marijuana legalization is a highly debated topic. Marijuana has many benefits to the body and the community. It can be used medicinally or recreationally and serves a number of purposes. Marijuana has been proven to treat a number of diseases and conditions, causes a decline in deaths due to overdose from opioid pains, and serves a plethora of additional benefits. I strongly feel that sooner rather than later, marijuana should be federally legalized so that citizens can haveRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Medical Marijuana1990 Words   |  8 PagesLegalizing marijuana is one of the most controversial topics throughout the United States. The debate revolves around a multitude of ideas, beliefs, and facts associated with marijuana. Whether or not it will become legalized in every state stays a mystery, but as of right now eight states and the District of Colum bia have passed laws allowing for the personal possession and consumption of marijuana for adults. There are also twenty-nine states in addition to the District of Columbia that have aRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Medical Marijuana1167 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people hear the word marijuana, they often think of a gateway drug. Marijuana has been one of the top misunderstood â€Å"drug† there have been and will probably remain on being a misunderstood â€Å"drug†. Should marijuana be legalized? This has been a controversial question for a long time now. Marijuana should be legalized. Not only is marijuana beneficial to many people but it can even have an impact in our future. Marijuana should be legalized because it can help bring more money to the country,Read MoreArgumentative Essay On Medical Marijuana1301 Words   |  6 PagesMadison Summers Medical Marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a survey by pubmed.gov, â€Å"92 percent said that medical marijuana alleviated symptoms of their serious medical conditions, including chronic pain, arthritis, migraine, and cancer.† 86 percent of the United States believe that Cannabis has valid medical uses, says statista.com. Definitions.com states that, â€Å"medical marijuana refers to the use of cannabis or marijuana, including constituents of cannabis, THC and other cannabinoids, as a physician-recommendedRead MoreMedical Marijuana Argumentative Essay2136 Words   |  9 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana has been used around the world for thousands of years to treat a wide variety of ailments. Chinese emperor Shen Nung was the first to record marijuana as a medical drug in 2737 B.C. He documented the drug’s effectiveness in treating the pains associated with rheumatism and gout. The legalization of medical marijuana has long been debated within American society and Government. Marijuana was a legal source for medicines in the U.S. until the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937Read Morethree arguments Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagescritical argument analysis essay, focuses on three professional essays and how these authors construct their arguments using opinion and evidence. There are many different ways in which authors can construct their arguments. In the highly controversial topic of legalizing marijuana I found three very different styles of arguments in which the authors backed up their opinions with facts. In my reading of these arguments each writer had there own style. The first essay by Stephen B. Duke, CannabisRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legal960 Words   |  4 PagesA college student walking down the street on a pitch black night, has a brief encounter with a cop while smoking a joint for his post-traumatic stress disorder, and unfortunately gets arrested, even though marijuana seems to be his only temporary cure. I believe marijuana has many medical benefits, and certain people need it to live a normal, productive life. Opponents of legalizing it have argued that doing so would do more harm than good, however they turn a blind eye to scientific studies provingRead MoreArgumentive Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Argumentative Essay Legalization of Marijuana Ashley Bassett Eng. 1301 Instructor: Pam Hesser pg.1 The recreational use of Marijuana should be legalized. According to the New York Times The social costs of the marijuana laws are vast. There were 658,000 arrests for marijuana possession in 2012, according to F.B.I. Figures compared with 256,000 for cocaine, heroin and their derivatives. Even worse, the result is racist, falling disproportionately on youngRead MoreArgumentative Essay : The Legalization Of Marijuana1293 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay: The Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Should we legalize marijuana? That is an excellent question. First, we must explore the history of Cannabis. Cannabis was introduced to the United States in the 1600’s, first encouraged by the federal government for domestic hemp production, cannabis soon became a required crop for farmers to grow. Hemp was recognized for its medical benefits and was the main fiber used in industrial textiles. Marijuana thrived until the early

Jailhouse Lawyers Prisoners Essay - 765 Words

Over the past years, it have been obvious, that jailhouse lawyers have increased the number of lawsuits filed by prisoners. In the year of 1980, prisoners filed 12,395 petitions of civil rights claims and in the year of 2000, prisoners filed 24,463 petitions of civil rights claims, in the Federal Courts, by State prisoners.(Mays Winfree Jr, 2005, pp.304). Jailhouse lawyers have helped inmates file these petitions against the Federal Courts, in the favor of other inmates challenging their conditions of confinement. The conditions of their confinement seems to be, prisoners way for wanting to receive a sentence reduction, sometimes, a release from prison. On the other hand, prisoners tend to use jailhouse lawyers to file petitions that†¦show more content†¦Prisons should want to prohibit and limit the practices of inmates helping other inmates file petitions of appeals. First, the practices of filing appeals in prison by other inmates helping one another have consequences of extreme measures for the courts, Federal and State, it causes chaos in Court of Administrationn,judgments and policies of the prisons, (Dargan Skoler, 1990), more money being paid out to benefit prisons, security matters increase, more staff members being placed on payroll to assist in the prisons. Inmates file these petitions and cause more paperwork to be filed and transportation needs for them and officials to make it to the courts, this leads to tax money being used when they should just let the prison administration and paid attorneys deal with the situations, this is why practices of inmates helping other inmates should be prohibit. Next, you have inmates that file suits that gets the opportunity of becoming â€Å"medical technicians†, that lets them be able to dispense drugs to inmates with medical conditions, (Mays Winfree Jr, 2005, pp.311), in this case, if inmates have been incarcerated for illegal drug trafficking in the population of society, it could be a recur rence of the same crime just with in prison, that prisons should limit the practices of inmates helping other inmates in filing appeals. All these facts show how jailhouse lawyers have increased the lawsuits filed by prisoners and prisons should prohibit them, well as limitShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being A Prosecutor Is An Important Responsibility1022 Words   |  5 Pagesisn’t right to take advantage of one’s position. There are responsibilities that need to be carried out. The Orange County office had been allegedly involved in years of misconduct involving jailhouse informants. The prosecutors had also failed to turn over exculpatory evidence. It was a defense lawyer that brought attention to about the alleged misconduct. In March 2014 Judge Thomas Geothale issued an order that the entire Orange County District attorney office were ineligible to work onRead MoreThe Emergence Of Dna And The Innocence Project1392 Words   |  6 Pagesand how prisoners could appeal. According to Berger (2006), â€Å"Furthermore, in many states, stringent time limits on making motions for a new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence seemed to bar judicial relief even if a prisoner could somehow obtain an exculpatory DNA result† (p. 320) Even though there are many injustices that occur in the justice system on a daily basis, the book gave readers hope in the justice system again. The hope was from the Innocence Project. Two lawyers named BarryRead MoreEscape From Alcatraz ( 1979 ) Directed By Don Siegel1683 Words   |  7 PagesPennsylvania Systems studied in class, Alcatraz followed some of the guidelines from the Auburn System however, it put its own spin on prison life. Alcatraz allowed its prisoners to communicate on certain occasions. Although the prison remained silent for years, which is a prime example o f the Pennsylvania System, when Morris became an inmate prisoners could talk in the chow hall and on a few occasions, they could communicate while working in the shop. Talking while in the exercise yard was also permitted. ThisRead MoreCriminal Justice And The Juvenile Justice System1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthan one in a hundred American adults is incarcerated for the first time in history. From coast the prison population has grown by 25,000 compared to the previous year, after 30 years the prison population has nearly tripled to nearly 1.6 million prisoners. Local jails are also at a dramatic population increase reaching about 723,000. One in every 99.1 adults is behind making it about 230 million adults is behind bars. Rates of imprisonment are also higher for some groups than others. Hispanic menRead MoreThe Death Penalty And The Penalty2204 Words   |  9 Pages John Grisham, an American politician, lawyer, and author once stated, â€Å"Death row is a nightmare to serial ki llers and ax murderers. For an innocent man, it s a life of mental torture that the human spirit is not equipped to survive.† The death penalty, or capital punishment, refers to the punishment of a criminal convicted of a capital offense through execution (â€Å"Definition of Death Penalty†). With many criminals convicted of a capital offenses awaiting execution on death row, the death penaltyRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Global Issue Essay1899 Words   |  8 Pagesa lot of money for people who pay taxes. People think that capital punishment costs less money, but in reality it’s the opposite. Death penalty cases have more expenses than normal cases because all the judges, lawyers, and other workers will put more time every day. The judges and lawyers prepare and review matters because someone’s life is at stake. The attorneys spend more time preparing for death penalty trials and it takes long than other criminal trials.( Dieter np). This process tak es longRead MoreThe Case Of Ron Williamson And Dennis Fritz Being Wrongfully Charged With Murder Of Debbie Carter1539 Words   |  7 Pagestried to calm him down. The guards soon figured out giving Ron thorazine would often knock him out. When the case finally went to trial both men were tried separately. Dennis Fritz was tried first; not having a lot of money Dennis got an appointed lawyer. The prosecution dug more into his criminal history then providing actual evidence that linked him to the murder. The prosecutor brought more than a few witnesses to the stand that knew nothing about the murder of Debbie Carter and in fact had noRead MoreThe Controversy over the Death Penalty Essay2481 Words   |  10 Pagescoauthor of Actual Innocence. Its just common sense and decency. Even as Bush made the decent decision, the McGinn case illustrated why capital punishment in Texas is in the cross hairs this political season. For starters, McGinns lawyer, like lawyers in too many capital cases, was no Clarence Darrow. TWice reprimanded by the state bar in unrelated cases (and handling five other capital appeals simultaneously), he didnt even begin focusing on the DNA tests that could save his client untilRead MoreWrongful Convictions1773 Words   |  8 Pagesjustice. No methodical data exists on wrongful convictions in the U.S.; in addition, no plausible methodology exists for determining the level of wrongful convictions because a greater number of these cases go undiscovered and corresponding surveys of prisoners, for instance, would certainly not have public integrity. Recent DNA testing carried out in 18,000 criminal cases produced extremely shocking results because well over 25 percent of the main suspects ended up being excluded for trial (Huff amp;Read Mor eGuilty Death And Death Of Prison Essay1972 Words   |  8 PagesHardship and Exile It would be a lie to state that every individual claiming innocence, while being tried and sentenced through the judicial system, is in fact truly innocent. It would also be a lie to state that every past, present and future prisoner, that was or will be tried and sentenced through the judicial system, is or was, guilty as charged. Behind bars, in prisons all over the United States, there was or is an innocent person who was found guilty and assigned an inmate number. Those

Managers and Leaders Free Essays

The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate the people who work or follow them, and this sets the tone for most other aspects of what they do. Many people, by the way, are both. They have management jobs, but they realize that you cannot buy hearts, especially to follow them. We will write a custom essay sample on Managers and Leaders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Managers have a position of authority vested in them by the company, and their subordinates work for them and largely do as they are told.Management style is transactional, in that the manager tells the subordinate what to do, and the subordinate does this not because they are a blind robot, but because they have been promised a reward (at minimum their salary) for doing so, down a difficult path, and so act as leaders too. Leaders do not have subordinates – at least not when they are leading. Many organizational leaders do have subordinates, but only because they are also managers. But when they want to lead, they have to give up formal authoritarian control, because to lead is to have followers, and following is always a voluntary activity.Managers have subordinates, whereas leaders have followers Managers’ goals arise from necessities rather than desires; they excel at diffusing conflicts between individuals or departments, placating all sides while ensuring that an organization’s day to day business gets done. Leaders, on the other hand, adopt personal, active attitudes towards goals. Leaders look for the potential opportunities and rewards that lie around the corner, inspiring subordinates and firing up the creative process with their own energy.Born leaders seem to have the desired skill set naturally in their thought process like a person that can play music by ear without e ver having had one lesson. These born leaders are come in various levels such as the informal leader in a group. Born leaders are often starting off as recognized by a group of which they are a member as the â€Å"alpha† and are bestowed leadership by the other members in the group. From this point, born leaders further develop into future leaders hopefully acquiring the knowledge to become effective. Made leaders often come to exist through experiences and often start as a manager but develop into leader.The path to leadership is not always first clear to these individuals but rather develops through circumstances and the desire to succeed. Certainly some individuals are born with more leadership traits than others. The charisma that enables a natural born leader to become a world leader, I believe is not something that can be learned. Some of the skills that a manager might need are the following: communication, the ability to listen, commitment to the truth, empathy, persuasion, leadership, focus, the ability to devise work, and the ability to solve problems.If I were going to develop the skills of a manager I think I would really familiarize myself with the subordinate’s jobs below me. I wouldn’t make any radical changes right away, but rather submerse myself in the active way that things are run. I would keep what is good and make better what is bad. I would try to be open to suggestions, but not make changes just based on complaints. As a manager I would look at what makes other managers successful. I would try to implement characteristics of a leader. How to cite Managers and Leaders, Papers

Heart Is A Lonely Hunter By Carson free essay sample

Mccullerss Essay, Research Paper The Heart is a Alone Hunter by Carson McCullers is a fresh set in a little Southern town in the late 1930 # 8217 ; s. McCullers writes about characters who are lonely and rejected. their lives intertwine in a hunt for friendly relationship and apprehension. Many of the characters have a demand to be understood, nevertheless ; none of them of all time genuinely are. One of the characters in the novel, Jake Blount, searches for a sympathetic ear. He appears in the New York Cafe rummy and rowdy speaking to everyone and no 1. He talks so much the # 8220 ; words came out of his pharynx like a cataract # 8221 ; ( 13 ) . He invariably talks to everyone trusting person will take the clip to truly listen and understand. His words come out # 8220 ; as though a dam interior him has broken # 8221 ; ( 20 ) . Ironically, the 1 he thinks understands him is a deaf-and-dumb person named John Singer. He tells Singer, # 8220 ; You # 8217 ; re the lone 1 in this town who catches what I mean. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Is A Lonely Hunter By Carson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . . because I know you understand the things I privation to intend # 8221 ; ( 59 ) . Jake Blount merely assumes Singer understands him. Singer neer gives him ground to believe otherwise. Nevertheless, Singer writes about Blount in a missive to Antonapoulos, # 8220 ; The 1 with the moustache I think is brainsick # 8221 ; ( 183 ) . He besides writes Antonapoulos that Blount thinks # 8220 ; he and I have a secret together but I do non cognize what it is # 8221 ; ( 183 ) . Jake Blount thinks Singer understands him when he really does non. Another character seeking for apprehension is Dr. Benedict Mady Copeland. Dr. Copeland is a black physician with thoughts that on one seems to understand regardless of how difficult he tries to do them grok. His girl, Portia, says that when she was a miss, he was # 8220 ; all the clip analyzing by hisself # 8221 ; ( 41 ) . Dr. Copeland is good educated and this separates him from the remainder of his household. They do non understand why he has ever felt the demand to educate them. At a Christmas party, Dr. Copeland negotiations to the invitees about Karl Marx and tungsten hat he stood for. When he asks if everyone understands, they reply that they do. This makes him inquire if they are replying this manner merely to delight him. He finally turns to Mr. Singer for understanding. Dr. Copeland thinks Mr. Singer is wise and understands # 8220 ; the strong true intent in a manner that other white work forces could non # 8221 ; ( 114 ) . Mr. Singer admits in a missive to Antonapoulos that he in fact does non understand. John Singer is another character who feels a demand for understanding. He is a deaf-and-dumb person that everyone else seems to turn to when they need to vent their feelings. Singer does non pass on frequently unless by pen. He normally watches what everyone else has to say. Singer is in demand of understanding merely every bit much as the other characters but has no 1 with whom he can portion his feelings. His deaf-and-dumb friend, Antonapoulos, seems to be the merely individual who he can truly # 8220 ; talk # 8221 ; to even though he does non rather grok everything Singer tells him. Singer and Antonapoulos have been friends for 10 old ages and although Antonapoulos does non try to pass on with Singer unless he is hungry or sleepy, Singer continues to state him everything that is on his head. Singer assumes an understanding in Antonapoulos. In his missive to Antonapoulos Singer tells him, # 8220 ; I do non understand, so I write it to you because I think you will understand # 8221 ; ( 184 ) . He besides tells Antonapoulos that he wants to see him because # 8220 ; I am non meant to be entirely and without you who understand # 8221 ; ( 185 ) . McCullers # 8217 ; characters have the demand to be understood. Most think they find understanding in Singer, a deaf-and-dumb person who truly understands nil. Singer thinks the merely one he can pass on with is Antonapoulos, his deaf-and-dumb friend who is normally interested in everything but what Singer has to state. Throughout the novel, these characters search for something to make full their feelings of solitariness and rejection but in the terminal neer find it.

The use of marijuana for medical purposes Essay Example For Students

The use of marijuana for medical purposes Essay The Use of Marijuana for Medicinal PurposesMarijuana is illegal because of its classification as an illicit drug, but there are some issues that have been established saying that this illicit drug has improved the treatment for suffering patients. Marijuana has lots of beneficial effects when used in medicinal settings for the treatment of pain; but it should be an administered drug for patients who can benefit from the use of this drug. Marijuana has had analysis for its use as a medicine and the results showed improvements in the patients who were treated with this drug. Doctors have expressed opposite opinions, making this theme very controversial. I have researched for its positive effects when used properly, so that marijuana can be considered in treating patients. We will write a custom essay on The use of marijuana for medical purposes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Much of the opposite opinions about this issue have to do with the hands of the government, which says that marijuana is not a safe medicine, versus the doctors who research the topic for medicinal purposes. Nevertheless, not all doctors feel that cannabis should be a legal prescribed medicine; it is in their hands to decide so. The Institute of Medicine has also this controversy when it said smoking marijuana is risky, but also recommended that critically ill patients should be allowed to use it under closely monitored settings (Koch 707). A specialist at the National Cancer Institute authorized his patients to use the drug, but not over do it (Koch 708). With all this, one would think that doctors wouldnt be so enthusiastic to offer the drug as a reliever. The National Institute of Drug Abuse puts approximately 300 free joints each month for patients who are in an experimental program . The Government proclaims there is no therapeutic value in the medicinal use of marijuana, but they do not have hard evidence to prove it. Ira Glasser, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union, (at a congressional forum) expressed: the government has demonized all drug use without differentiation and has systematically and hysterically resisted science. (Koch 714) Possibly if the two sides would work together an agreement could be established concerning procedures for further development and treatment. Marijuana has eased the pain of chemotherapy, severe muscle spasms caused by multiple sclerosis, weight-loss due to the AIDS virus, and other problems . Experts from the National Institute of Health or NIH have confirmed that marijuana is an effective, safe and inexpensive alternative for treating nausea caused by AIDS medications and cancer treatments other such ailments as glaucoma, muscle spasms, intractable pain, epilepsy, anorexia, asthma, insomnia, depression and other disorders . Other such ailments in which marijuana has been said to help are Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, repetitive migraines, and Alzheimers, but the NIH has not reported those results . The National Institute of Medicine shows us that the benefits from cannabis short term use doesnt hinder the possible hazards of its long-term use . Marijuana has beneficial outlook for some illnesses, but experimentation is limited due to its unlawfulness. The positive effects of this drug are helping a limited number so doctors have tried to work with the government to create a reliable way to distribute the drug without smoking it.The work being done to find a chemical fabricate should clarify that marijuana has some medicinal value. In 1986 a THC based synthetic called Marinol was approved by the Food and Drug Administration, unfortunately it did not treat as well as cannabis . Government experts have indicated that marijuana does relieve pain, and other disorders, but it does not cure them, therefore can not be legalized as a prescription drug (Grinspoon 55). In many cases marijuana has been the building block for recovery, and it has given sick people a chance to move on without the tension and pain . Government experts have concealed some information about similar prescription drugs, such as: percocet and codeine. .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded , .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .postImageUrl , .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded , .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded:hover , .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded:visited , .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded:active { border:0!important; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded:active , .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77e5b9f28d658c667c82113c624aaded:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Humanity Essay Both are very addictive and they only relieve the pain. Medicinal marijuana has similar side effects as the often prescribed stimulants, but it is not quite as addictive . With all the research and time spent on the use of marijuana as a medical treatment, one would think that cannabis is beneficial and could

Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory The WritePass Journal

Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory Abstract Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory AbstractIntroductionHarold Hotelling’s theoryModeling of the Hotelling ruleCriticism of Hotelling’s theoryRole of logisticsConclusionReferenceRelated Abstract Economists have long been concerned with the extraction of natural resources. This paper presents an evaluation or analysis of Harold Hotelling’s theory that asserts that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource is one along which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest The paper presents a model of the Hotelling rule and examines its applicability to real life phenomena. The paper finds that while the Hotelling theory had contributed to the economics of nonrenewable resources and the rise of the conservationism movement, the assumptions laid out by the theory are not applicable to the real world. In conclusion, the paper suggests the need to relax the assumptions in order to explain the real-world phenomena. Introduction The efficient use of scarce natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable sources, has long been a concern of natural resource economics (Shogren 2000). For example, Adam Smith explored on the natural progress of opulence and suggested that for a country to achieve an optimum economic progress, it had to allocate capital to land, fisheries and mines (Barnett Morse 1963). In a similar vein, Ricardo explored on the significance of land quality on economic rent. Robert Malthus raised concern about the dangers of population growth, asserting that the increasing population was likely to preclude the endless progress towards a utopian society (Barnett Morse 1963). Similarly, Jevons raised concern about the consequences of coal depletion on population growth (Shogren 2000).   A feature shared by all these economists is their treatment of natural resources as a free factor of production. That is, they all treat natural resources as provided freely by nature. But towards the beginning of the 21st century, a shift in mindset occurred as economists began treating natural resources as something more distinct than just a free factor of production (Shogren 2000). Theorists such as Hotelling and Gray particularly pointed out to the additional intertemporal cost of extracting natural resources (Shogren 2000). In this regard, this paper presents an evaluation or analysis of Harold Hotelling’s theory that asserts that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource is one along which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest (Harold 1931). Harold Hotelling’s theory In 1931, Hotelling used differential calculus to derive the optimal extraction of a fixed resource over time (Bradley 2007). He began by recognizing the inadequacy of the standard economic analysis in the industry in which production was bound to decline (Bradley 2007). Hotelling then asserted that if the total resource base and capital investments were fixed and efficient extraction methods used, then the marginal net revenue of extraction of non-renewable resource would rise at the rate of interest over time (Hotelling 1931). This premium price was referred to as the ‘resource rent’ or rather the ‘hotelling rent’. In other words, under a perfectively competitive market, the market price of a non-renewable resource minus the marginal costs must grow in tandem with the interest rate. As such, the price of the natural resource should increase with time, provided that the marginal costs are kept constant (Chakravorty et al. 2009) Harold Hotellings theory postulated that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource was one in which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increased at the rate of interest (Harold 1931). The theory thus proposed the time track of natural resource extraction that most increases the value of the resource reserve. But at the time, his analysis was way ahead of time as mathematics had not yet been incorporated into economics. As a result, his seminal analysis was originally rejected for this reason.   However, Hotellings rule later came to be known as the pillar of the theory of nonrenewable resource economics through its rich insight on the long-run behaviour of resource price and scarcity of extraction and its contribution to the rise of conservatism movement (Gaitan et al. 2007). Modeling of the Hotelling rule To illustrate the Hotelling rule, let us consider as basic model where in So denotes an economys total stock of resource and Rt denotes the total extraction at time t (Gaitan et al. 2007). The utility of consumption would be denoted by U(Rt). The objective is to maximize the marginal net revenue of extraction of the non-renewable resource. Assuming that the extraction is carried out with constant unit costs, Then the optimal path of extraction of the natural resource would be found by the following equation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (i) But the maximization must meet the condition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (ii) Assuming that private and social discount rates are the same and that there are no externalities (Gaitan et al. 2007), then the solution to equation (i) and (ii) can be found using optimal control theory as shown below: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (iii) But conditions require the optimal extraction path to fulfill the following relation (Gaitan et al. 2007), †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (iv) The opportunity cost or rather the shadow price at time t, Yt, is in the present case constant. We thus have Equation (iv) can thus be rewritten as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (v) And given that in a market economy, then it can be seen that equation (iv) reflects the Hotelling rule that the marginal price of the natural resource increases with increase in the rate of discount. Hotteling’s predictions of a decline in non-renewable resources with time such as oil, minerals and forests led to demands for regulation of exploitation of such exhaustible assets (Rothband 2000). The selfish exploitation of natural resources at a rapid rate gave rise to the conservation movement (Rothband 2000). This theory has formed the basis of the conservationist movement and has been influential to the point that prohibitions against oil and mineral mining and deforestation in certain government lands have been justified on this ground (Hotelling 2007). Criticism of Hotelling’s theory An important point to emphasize in the Hotelling model is that the market price of non-renewable resources must increase with time, provided that costs remain time-invariant (Chakravorty et al. 2009). However, in reality such an increase in the price of non-renewable sources may not persist as many short-run factors such as regulation and speculation in commodity markets may come into play resulting in alternative phases of upward and downward price movements (Chakravorty et al. 2009). For example, if the Kyoto Treaty was to impose a target of 450 PPM of carbon, energy prices would be expected to rise but fall soon after the constraint becomes binding (Chakravorty et al. 2009). But when there is a fall below the 450 ppm level, the prices are bound to rise again (Chakravorty et al. 2009). Such a cyclical behaviour in the prices of non-renewable resources is not covered under the Hotelling model. As a result of such kind of price variations, Harolds Hotelling theory has come under criticism. Economists have argued that Hotelling’s theoretical prediction of a rise in scarcity and relative prices of nonrenewable resources over time is not borne out of facts (Watkins 1992). For example, Krautkraemer (1998) argues that for the most part, Hotellings theoretical predictions have been inconsistent with empirical studies of non renewable resource prices and in situ values. Over the past 100 years or so, there hasnt been a persistent increase in the prices of nonrenewable resources (Krautkraemer 1998). Also, economic indicators do not provide evidence of an increase in scarcity of these resources (Krautkraemer 1998). Although the popuplar view among the general public is that exhaustion of non-renewable resources is progressing at a faster rate, this view is highly debatable. In fact, economic indicators have shown that there has been growth in nonrenewable resource supply as new deposits continue to be discovered and the extraction technology continues to progress (Krautkraemer 1998). This has been argued to mitigate the scarcity effect (Krautkraemer 1998). But the above criticism may not necessarily hold as just like other economic analysis on this subject, Krautkramers analysis has been conducted at the global level (Wright Czelusta 2002).  Ã‚   Although it may seem appropriate to test Hotelling predictions at the global level, such analysis leaves open the possibility that the depletion may have been staved off at the global level, through the discovery new and underexplored territories (Wright Czelusta 2002). Nonetheless, the popular view that the world is likely run out of natural resources in the near future may not necessarily be true. If resources are considered to be scarce, then there is a higher likelihood of its real price rising (Braddley 2007). In the event of an increase in real price, producers are likely to be induced by the high prices to explore for more reserves resulting in an increase in resource stock (Braddley 2007). The lifetime measures of most resources can thus be assumed to remain constant over time Another error that Hotelling made was linking his highly conditional analysis to the real world (Braddley 2007). Hotelling faulted laissez-faire for deviating from his derived optimality in extraction of non-renewable resources, stating that the extractive industries had discrepancies which resulted in wasteful forms of exploitation (Braddley 2007). He also argues that such wasteful forms of exploitation would have been regulated in the interest of the general public (Braddley 2007). Whilst Hotelling was quick to recognize market failure, he failed to account for what is currently known as government failure (Braddley 2007). As can be seen with the long history of petroleum regulation in the US, government intervention has generally been lacking in information and has been highly problematic in practice (Adelman 1993). Only an omniscient planner would know the specifics of demand, supply, price, cost, interest rates, and entreprenurial alertness needed to arrive at an optimal extraction solution (Braddley 2007). Role of logistics Harolds hotelling theory can be applied to the logistic industry. According to the hotelling theory, the most profitable extraction is one in which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest. In this respect, to reduce on the marginal cost of extraction, it would require that an industry be located close to the extraction point. This would not only decrease the transport costs, but will also increase efficiency in the supply chain and logistics. Logistics thus has an important role to play in determining the optimal extraction solution. The lower the transport costs, the more likely are the returns to scale. Whilst the transport costs are account for a small percentage of the total costs, the optimal extraction solution must also take into account the total logistics costs. Logistics have an impact on a firm’s optimal location behaviour and thus must be taken into account of when determining the optimal extraction solution of a natural resource. Conclusion In Summary, the Hotelling theory has contributed to the economics of nonrenewable resources. It has formed the conceptual and theoretical framework used by economists to model the supply and the prices of nonrenewable resources. More so, it has contributed to the conservationist movement. However, the Hotelling theory, though elegant, seem somewhat misplaced. The model points out to a rise in trajectory of net prices of non-renewable resources along with the rate of interest yet there is a lack of empirical evidence to back this pricing behaviour. Moreover, the assumption of an increase in scarcity of non renewable resources is highly debatable. These assumptions seem not applicable to the real world.   Perhaps, to explain the real-world phenomena, it would be helpful to relax these assumptions. For example, in order to explain the price of oil, it would be necessary to discard all assumptions of inevitable increase in price and the assumption of a fixed stock. Reference Adelman, M. A., 1993. ‘Introduction’. In M. A. Adelman (Ed.), The economics of petroleum supply. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Barnett, H. and Morse, C., 1963. Scarcity and growth. The economics of natural resource scarcity, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press Braddley, R.L., 2007. Resourceship: an Austrian theory of mineral resources. Rev Austrian Econ 20: 63-90 Bradley, R. L., 1996. Oil, gas, and government: The U.S. experience. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Chakravorty, U., Leach, A. and Moreaux, M., 2009. Twin peaks in Energy prices: a hotelling model with pollution and learning. School of Business and department of Economics. Gaitan, B., Tol, R.S., and Yetkiner, H., 2007. The Hotellings rule revisited in a dynamic general equilibrium model. University of Hamburg Hotelling, H., 2006. ‘Stability in competition’. The Economic Journal, vol.39 (153), pp.41-57 Hotelling, Harold, 1931. ‘The economics of exhaustible resources’. Journal of Political Economy 39 (2), 137–175 Krautkraemer, Jeffrey A. (1998). â€Å"Nonrenewable Resource Scarcity,† Journal of Economic Lin, C., Meng, H., Ngai, T.Y., Oscherov, V., Zhu, Y.H., 2008. Hotelling revisited: oil prices and endogenous technological progress. University of California Literature 36: 2065-2107. Rothbard, M. N., 2000. ‘Conservation in the free market’. In: Egalitarianism as a revolt against nature and other essays, Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, pp. 175–189. Shogren, J.F., 2000. Natural resource economics. USA: University of Wyoming. Watkins, G. C., 1992. ‘The Hotelling principle: Autobahn or Cul de Sac?’ Energy Journal, 13 (1), 1–24. Wright, G. and Czelusta, J., 2002. Resource-based economic growth, past and present. Stanford University

Choose any appropriate title ( ART MUSEUM) Assignment

Choose any appropriate title ( ART MUSEUM) - Assignment Example den collection of the Naà ¯ve American materials found in the Chase Fine Arts Center-present the continuing display of their artworks that are in the permanent collection. All the works in the museum covers the modern and contemporary arts providing an extensive overview of creative works from the year 1990 to the most current. All the objects emphasize on the artist works of persons living in the western half of the US. 3. Have a look at the ceramics cabinets 1 through 4 (on the 2nd floor.) What are the organizing principles for each cabinet? What common elements do the objects within each cabinet share and why have they been arranged in that way? In the second floor there are a number of mediums that are used in the museum are utilized. For instance, the piece called Flowers of fate is on display. Painting having a clock and mirror pieces that are well oil painted on a piece of wood. This piece of wood is centered on the idea of our daily experiences. For instance, the clock represents the different perspective of time and the light form above represent the accent of light in our life (Danilov, Victor,59 ) For this reason, the message brought about the piece that demonstrates our everyday experiences on the pieces of art. 4. Objects and items from the museum’s permanent collection are displayed in the gallery areas on the lower first floor. Identify three pieces of art each of which is an example of a distinct genre or style. For each painting/object explain what the genre/style is and why the piece fulfills the generic criteria. Marie Eccles Caine Foundation Gift Klompen has arranged in a different composition a exhibited the spaces and other locations in creative way. The most recent pyramid-like arrangement placed at the Nora Eccles Harrison Museum Art has a composition of 20n different compositions with various rhythms and tones. The world currently seems complex and fragile. This originates from fragile and temporary installation and continues with

WHAT ARE PROBLEMS FACED BY ASYLUM SEEKERS, NEWCOMERS AND REFUGEES Assignment

WHAT ARE PROBLEMS FACED BY ASYLUM SEEKERS, NEWCOMERS AND REFUGEES ARTISTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM TO PRACTICE ART - Assignment Example The document discusses some of the traditions and laws in the UK that the refugees ride upon. In addition, it presents some of the policies and programs on the practice of art, as well as the challenges they face hitherto. Global activities have significantly affected the influx of refugees and asylums into the United Kingdom. For instance, from the years 2001 to 2005, there was an 85% increase in Afghanistan refugees, leading to a total of about 6% in the year 2006. The decrease coincided with the ‘war on terror’. The ‘United Nations High Commission for Refugees’ has reported a constant annual drop from 2002 in asylums seeking refuge in United Kingdom (Home Office, 2008). The UK has been a place of refuge for people escaping from their countries due to family relations, colonial links and the fairness in the UK’s legal system. In addition, the UK has been known to be friendly to newcomers. However, with the recent claims trying to taint its image, the UK has come up with some policies that deny asylum seekers and refugees access to essential services, but, has not restricted the number of people visiting it. The Labour government has come up with laws that give restri ctions to people going to seek for job opportunities in the UK. Nevertheless, the same law does not restrict the number of people seeking asylum in the United Kingdom. Mostly, people looking for asylums have gone through traumatic experiences in their mother countries; hence, need to find peace in the host country. However, in the UK, the process of applying for asylum takes quite long, from months to sometimes even years. Bearing in mind the kind of experience they underwent in their country, most of them face psychological and mental issues as they await acceptance into the host country, like the UK. The situation makes asylum seekers different from other immigrants (Merli, 2002:

A Life in Japan - Documentary (English, no subtitles) Essay

A Life in Japan - Documentary (English, no subtitles) - Essay Example The movie is very informative about Japanese culture because it goes much deeper than sights and customs. It shows Japanese daily life with its positive and negative sides. I do not like the fact that some Western men defined their main purpose in Japan to have some relationships with Japanese women. On the other hand, it is pleasant to see that people adapt to local customs and contribute to community order and safety. One of the respondents found $3000, camera and passport and gave them back to the person who had lost all those things. It shows that Japanese culture changes people in some way making them more responsible and carrying. Overall, Japan has a very unique culture and people need to learn at least something about it before coming to Japan. There are not many people who speak English, so they need to take care about communication issue. At the same time, the movie shows that being a relatively isolated community, Japan is also influenced by world globalization. It becomes more tolerant to foreigners. This documentary significantly expands knowledge about Japanese culture and people; it contributes to my cultural knowledge and represents Japan in a totally different

Social Media In Present Day

Social Media In Present Day Social media is a compilation of online platforms that allows public to communicate through different type of online features. These connective features can be sharing of knowledge and idea, networking, online discussion, and other content of communicating (Heesters, as cited in Schets, 2010, p. 22). The concept of social media just about existed ten years ago. However nowadays, social media are the fastest growing websites online and can be see there is a rapid and continuing increase in their audience and reach. By catching up with this online trends, there are increasing number of nonprofit organizations are using social media as aims to increase outreach, fundraising and recruitment capacity. Nonprofits exploit the online social networks to offer exponential possibilities for developing personal relationships. Once an organization established a good connection to an individual, that person can leverage his or her personal contacts (Tetrick, 2010). Today, there were about half a billion people around the world have Facebook accounts and nearly 200 million have Twitter accounts. These two social networking sites will be the most popular among internet users worldwide. Statistics illustrated public who are younger, wealthier and better educated in demographic segments use social media more than other groups (Beribe, as cited in Berube, 2010, p. 1 ). Social media able to reach more consumers globally as it continues to grow, especially with social networking and microblogging sites. These are the most commonly sites used for socialization and connecting with friends, parents, relatives, etc. Among all the Social Netwroking Sites that used by the nonprofits, Facebook and blogging got the most attention from public. There were also recent studies indicated that old generations are using social media frequently. Therefore, social media has the potential to widen audience for nonprofits (Pierce Wood Smith, as cited in Hovey, 2010, p.2). The chart below shows how Schets (2010) illustrated social medias key social platforms. A chart of the key social platforms (Source: Adapted from Schets, 2010) The Importance of social media The social media is an unpaid media, it is created by an individual and company on the internet. (Weber, as cited in Kichatov Mihajlovski, 2010, p. 6). Over last few years, social media has become universal and even more significance for social networking and content sharing. The emerging of social media has directly affect traditional media and broadcast media as the main promotional tools. (Asur Huberman, 2010) The main role of social media in an organization is to facilitate communications either with the organization and with one another, or on their own terms. The communications will only be more effective if the organizations target audience is already comfortable with social media tools (Tetrick, 2010). Social media is believe to has more opportunities than traditional media. For instance, blogs allow two-way dialog between an organization and its public (Seltzer Mitrook, as cited in Hovey, 2010, p.2). Moreover, social media platforms allow organizations to freely take advantage of existing social networks and virally spread their messages. For nonprofit organizations, social media sites, such as blogs and Twitter, provide new ways to engage publics in, fundraising, activism, and publicity (Kanter, 2007; Mattson Barnes, Waters, Burnett, Lamm Lucas, as cited in Tetrick, 2010, p. 15). Through social media, non profits organizations share the work of publicity and advocacy with volunteers. Their organizational information is open to public too (Cronk, Fine, Waters as cited in Tetrick, 2010, p. 12 ). Undeniable, it can be clearly seen that both the organizational communication and public relations have a rapid change due to todays internet technologies (Curtis, as cited in Tetrick, 2010, p.1). The previous public relations studies indicate that social media is widely being use in public relations sector, espcially the phenomenon of blogging have the potential to bring dramatic changes to many aspects of public relations. However, they do not use it to the fullest mean (Eyrich Padman Sweetser Kent Xifra Huertas, as cited in Hovey, 2010, p. 1) Accoding to the other public relations studies, the role of social media mainly help the organization to cultivate the relationships with their publics. Moreover, it allows the organizations to react immediately to the problem from their public (Wright Hinson, as cited in Hovey, 2010, p. 2). Furthermore, the internet technologies has become a publicity tool after President Barack Obamas election campaign. By the use of social media, he successfully raise around $750 million. Not only that, he able to mobilize more than 13 million supporters during his 2008 election (Scearce, as cited in Tetrick, 2010, p. 6). After reviewing the previous research studies, it can be conclude that social media is an essential tool which play the role in facilitating the overall communication process. By using social media, it can gain fresh support for the organization. Morover, by making them more immediate, open an avenue to a new audience, it can strengthen an organizations existing communication attempts. Social Media and Youth It can be say that young generations today grow up with the internet. Our young generations have the whole globe at the point of their finger tips. The emerging of the social media somehow is shaping and changing the way our young generations is communicating with others. Social media become their daily partner on the internet world. Through social media, youth able to get their relationship, friendship, information, entertainment, education, etc. It can be seen clearly that there were an obvious changing pattern of media use among young generation in present day (Jalil Jalil Latiff, 2010). The importance of charity awareness Charity awareness plays a key role in which it will create a desire for people to help others. Individual who has charitably aware instigates a sense of fulfilment to those who translate their desire to actions and thus improve the lives of those who are in need (Soft Power Education Blog, 2008). In this study, the awareness towards charity work refers to the capability to have an in-depth knowledge which will educate people more about charity work and encourage more people to be involves in charity work. By having charity awareness, it will indirectly create a desire to aid others. Individual who have charity awareness will try to think of ways and means to build bridges to deliver the task. As a consequence, it will reach a certain goal of fulfilment with oneself through the advancement of the lives of those less fortunate people who are the object of that charitable desire. Link between Social Media Charity Work Awareness Not surprisingly, all charities associations raise funds and need donations in order to sustain their causes. Without those funds, they will hardly survive in society. All the money received by charities is used for the cause each charity is committed to. The received funds used to help needy children and families and even protecting animals from human abuse, while a small amount is use for future fundraising activity. It is very significant for charity organizations to invest in fundraising so that it can attract new supporter and to inform public about the updated events and activities as well as latest information about the campaign. In this study, public who have charity awareness will automatically lent their hands to help those who is in needed. In present day, there were more and more charities use social media to promote their good cause. Basically, social media is a good promotional tool for charities to increase awareness among public. Many charities use social networking such as Facebook, Twitter and other online platform in promoting their causes. Previous research shows that by using social media to promote, it can make the campaign to be successful once done in the right way. CASE STUDY World vision Malaysia World Vision has been established in Malaysia for 14 years. It serves as the support office of World Vision International. It is a charity organization that assists the poor especially children to help themselves. It will collect fund from public then donate to people that in backward countries. There are three main programs in World Vision. They are Child Sponsorship program, 30- Hour Famine program and Gifts of Hope program. These programs aim to help child that is in need. Through Child Sponsorship program, public can sponsor needy children by just donate RM50 per month to provide them education, food and others. For 30- Hour Famine, participants are require fast for food for 30 hours in order to get them experiences the hunger that those children and families endure everyday. Besides, through Gifts of Hope program, public can sent gifts to the needy children or families that select from the catalogue such as school uniforms, livestock for families and others (World Vision Malaysi a, 2006). 30-hour Famine 30-Hour Famine began in Malaysia since 1997. It is known as a global movement against poverty and hunger worldwide. Its main purpose is to encourage public to donate and help children as well as families in need. The fund which collected will be able to help feed and care for tens of thousands of kids all over the world. Since famine intend to motivate ordinary people to care and assist for those unlucky and needed people, therefore participants will get to experiences hunger for 30 hours through the 30-Hour famine campaign that will be conducted once a year. During the fast for 30 hours, participants undertake different activities while learning about some global issues. They also learn what it takes to stop hunger in its tracks. The fast can be done with a group or individually, it is depend on the participants themselves. Due to 30-Hour Famine is powered by World Vision, the donors are not just feeding kids for a day but are helping them overcome poverty for a lifetime. 30-Hour Famine History World Vision was established in Malaysia in 1997. The first 30-Hour Famine in Malaysia was organized by The Sin Chew daily. It was successfully raises for around RM2.6 million. Although the crisis strikes was happened on 1999, but the 30-Hour Famine still continue to roll in. During this period, Fish Leong started to join the Famine and had her first performance. After this, Silvia Chang and Sally Woo become the ambassadors of the Famine at year 2000. The first off- site Famine was held in Penang in this year too. At the following year, HELP University College appeared to be the headquarters of the Famine after the Sin Chew. The Famine was held all together in KL, Johor and Penang. Their sponsor will be E-Excel and Nesh. In 2002, the Famine camp which is with English version was held. Its headquarter, HELP University College is assigned to be the host of both the English and Chinese Famine Camps. At 2003, the SARS epidemic is very serious and forced the Famine have to be postponed from May to July. Due to this reason, the Famine was held in Stadium Juara, Bukit Kiara KL for the first time. In order to show their caring to the community, the English campers visited local charities and presented proposals on their causes at 2004. After that, the first Volunteer Training Camp was held. On the other hand, due to campers form Johor began and ended their fast on the train, therefore, the Famine Express was born. In 2006, the Famine camp continue to gain a lot of enthusiastic responses from the public, an unprecedented number of newcomers join both the Chinese and English Famine camps. The media also play an important role in promoting the camps. During its 10th year anniversary at 2007, it was reported the Famine has been break the record whereby about 10, 000 sponsors, donors, volunteers and campers took part in its largest camp ever. Furthermore, the Famine stared to spread its wing to East Malaysia for the first time. In 2008, the Do it Yourself (DIY) camps were held across the nation. The Famine was also decentralised in order to widen its reach and empower its supporters. Since the issue of global food crisis is getting serious day by day, therefore, World Vision offices in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and Australia decided to focus on the Global Food Crisis. In Malaysia, it gain a good response from public in which there are about 100 DIY camps with the more than 10,000 campers joined the joined the cause of fighting global hunger and raise awareness on the food crisis among public. Identity 30-Hour Famine Logo World Visions vision statement Our vision for every child, life in all its fullness Our prayer for every heart, the will to make it so World Visions mission statement The mission of World Vision is to follow our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ in working with the poor and oppressed to promote human transformation, seek justice and bear witness to the good news of the Kingdom of God. World Visions core values The World Vision Partnership shares a common understanding bound together by six core values. With these core values, World Vision able to live and work towards because it treat the core values as the fundamental and guiding principles that determine World Visions actions. The six core values as below: We are Christian We value people We are partners We are committed to the poor We are stewards We are responsive Uses and gratifications Theory (UG) Uses and Gratification theory is a time-honored media use theory. It is a theory which is based on the concept that a person cannot influence by media unless he or she has some use for that media or its messages. (Ruggiero, as cited in Stafford Schkade, 2004, p. 226). Through this theory, it can help to understand consumer motivations for media use. UG theory was started in the 1940s when researchers interested to find out the reasons why audiences engaged in different types of media behavior (Wimmer Dominick, as cited in Ruggiero, 2000, p. 4). UG Theory illustrate how people actively seek out specify media and specify content to generate specify gratifications (West Turner, ac cited in Chasse, 2009, p. 2). Furthermore, it worked to explain media need for individual and individual involvement. Beginning in the 1920s and continue on into the 21st century, some media scholars have practised an in-depth understanding of human interaction with mass media, what effects media will on the audiences and how audiences use media. There are strong connections between media selection and the gratifications consumers seek. (Bantz, Blumler, McQuail, Mcleod, Becker, Rubin Ruggiero, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569) There are 5 basic assumptions in UG theory. Firstly, the audience is considered active. Second, audience uses media with goal-oriented. Not only that, audience have self- awareness to know and understand well the purpose for using certain media. Third, different people own different type of communication behaviours. They are based upon psychological and social factors. Fourth, these two factors will influence how good media can serve and satisfy peoples needs and wants. People will select which media they like the most. Finally, people are sometimes more influential than media. People will chose other media to get information when they were not satisfy with the current media they chose (Rubin, as cited in Pornsakulvanich, 2005, p.14) By view from the psychological perspective, UG basically emphasized the active role of individual in choosing media to fulfil their needs. This theory normally focused on to explain the way why and how people use the media rather than the way media influence people (Klapper, as cited in Pornsakulvanich, 2005, p. 13). Previous research assumes that audience are actively involved in the media consumption (Rubin, Ruggiero, Severin, Tankard, Windahl, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). Some scholars stated that the social media is pull-media in which it aims to provide information that is interest to certain audience, users have to be actively click and type to access those information. It can make user become more goal-oriented and aware in their everyday consumption (LaRose, Eastin, Lin Jeffres, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). UG theory has been applied to different types of online content due to different media fulfil different needs (Perse, Courtright, Dun, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). Online media play the same role as television, radio in order to provide entertainment, satisfaction and social interaction needs (Ferguson, Perse, Kaye, Papacharissi Rubin, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). However, there are still some differences between online media and traditional media. For example, online media enable audience to control over content. By using search engine, internet users able to search for specific issue compared to less interactive media such as television and radio (Kaye, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). Nowadays, most of the mass communication scholars point out the UG theory normally is identified to be a sub tradition of media effects research (McQuail, 1994). As Ruggiero (2000) state, the emergence of computer-mediated communication has revived the important of UG theory. Pratically, it provided a cutting edge theoretical approach at the beginning stages of each new mass communications medium such as television, radio, newspapers, and now the Internet. Accoding to UG thoerry, the audience is selective when using media and mostly is encouraged by rational self-awareness of the individuals own needs and an expectation that those needs will be satisfied by particular types of media and content (Katz, as cited in ruggiero, 2000, p. 18). Accoding to few recent researchs, it stated research who has UG involvement which focuses on more advanced communication technologies such as uses of the Internet found few gratifications, which were information seeking , entertainment and diversion, exploration and relationship building (Charney, Greenberg, Kuehn, Tewksbury, Althaus, as cited in Melanie Grellhesl, 2010, p. 24). Television and internet hold the same roles as to entertain, to provide escapism, and social interaction (Ferguson, Perse, Kaye, Papacharissi Rubin as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). Explanation In this study, those undergraduate students are actually applying the UG approach when they are deciding to look for more information about 30-Hour Famine. Students choose the medium that could satisfy their needs to find out for information that they wanted to know about 30-Hour Famine campaign, and that they are able to recognise their reasons for making media choices by chosing social media. The uses and gratifications approach use to test how the audience uses mass media to satisfy psychological and social needs. As an actice audience, they chose their favour media based on their ability to satisfy their needs. In this study, people who are interested to be involved in charity work such as 30-Hour Famine will try to find out more information about the organization through their favour media. Most of the undergraduates students select social media to satify their need as they are active internet users. Internet is suited well to the UG approach (Kaye Johnson, as cited in Stark, 2009, p. 21). Audience is active due to the internet create a two-way communication. In this study, those undergraduate students are active audience. There were a two- way communication when students posted comment and asked questions on the 30-Hour Famine official website, it can help students to be even more understand about the campaign. Additionally, students who were using the web will actively look out for more information about the campaign by clicking on links and using search engines, hence showing that the web is goal oriented and those undergraduates students were aware of the needs they were attempting to satisfy (Lin Jeffres, 1998, as cited in Stark, 2009, p. 21). As a conclusion, the advanced communications technology nowadays did benefits user a lof in communication. User can have have more choices to select when communicate with others, it also allowed new ways for users to communicate (Ruggiero , as cited in Melanie Grellhesl, 2010, p. 22) For example, social media is a new way for internet users to communicate with each other. By using social media, internet users able to post, view, comment anything in the internet.

Music :: essays research papers

The Justice Department has intensified its antitrust investigation of the music industry's licensing practices, demanding that industry organizations and online companies submit a slew of documents related to Internet music services. The department recently began sending out "civil investigative demand" letters, hunting for evidence of collusion by record companies and affiliates to impede competition. The recipients of the letters include the Recording Industry Assn. of America, at least two Internet companies and MusicNet, an online music distributor jointly owned by three major labels and RealNetworks Inc. A copy of one letter obtained by The Times indicates that antitrust investigators are looking at all the terms proposed by the record companies and music publishers for their licenses, as well as the lawsuits they threatened, brought or settled over online music. Another issue being explored is the contentious negotiations over online radio services. The major labels control the copyrights to most of the recordings that consumers buy, while the publishers control the songwriters' copyrights. That control gives the labels and publishers the power to dictate which companies can offer interactive or on-demand music services online, as well as influencing their prices and terms of use. The growing demand for online music services has led the conglomerates that own the major record companies to create their own channels for distribution. AOL Time Warner, Bertelsmann and EMI Group formed MusicNet, and Universal Music Group and Sony Corp. created Pressplay. The inquiry appears to revolve around two questions: Why are MusicNet and Pressplay the only ventures to receive licenses for a significant amount of major-label music? And what, if anything, did the labels do to inflate their royalties from online radio services? The record companies' defenders say the labels have been cautious in licensing, but they haven't colluded to limit competition. "I don't see it, and I haven't experienced it," said Robin D. Richards, chairman and chief executive of MP3.com, a maverick online music company that was acquired in August by Vivendi Universal and has a distribution deal with Pressplay. But executives at several online companies say they have had mixed experiences with the labels and that some act fairly and some don't. The result, they say, is that the labels' online ventures--MusicNet and Pressplay--are launching this year without any real competition. The industry's licensing practices also have drawn criticism from some influential lawmakers, including leaders of the House and Senate Judiciary committees. In addition, the federal judge presiding over the industry's copyright-infringement lawsuit against Napster Inc.

Jenkins Corporation True of False Test

1) An example of a goal statement that is SMART is â€Å"Jenkins Corporation expects to achieve a 5% improvement in the on-time delivery of its computer components. True / False2) You are involved with a team where members encourage relationship-building roles and team members take responsibility for providing feedback regarding performance. Your team is in the norming stage. True / False3) Open ended questions elicit specific information are useful for point clarification and when time is limited. However, they questions restrict the interviewee’s freedom. True / False4) When presenting to a group that may display opposition to the topic, it is advisable to tailor your message utilizing a two-sided message. True / False5) Double-barreled questions assume a condition that the interviewee may not agree with but calls for the interviewee to support that condition. True / False6) When planning a meeting that applies the rule of three-fourths, information is dispersed to particip ants at the three-quarter point between meetings. True / False7) The task of the team in the forming stage is to clarify direction. True / False8) An Everest goal represents an extraordinary achievement. True / False9) Abilene paradox and boiled frog syndrome enhance the effectiveness of decision making in team meetings. True / False10) To reach the fourth stage of the four stages of team development labeled by Tuckman, a team must progress through the first three stages of development. True / False11) Once the team has developed a comfortable climate, the next stage is the performing stage. True / False12) â€Å"You are completely naive,† is more effective feedback than â€Å"Your comments are not on the topic.† True / False13) When conducting an interview, elaboration, clarification, and repetition may be used as probing methods. True / False14) When planning a meeting that applies the rule of halves, agenda items are in the hands of the agenda  scheduler no later than one-half of the time interval between the last meeting and the upcoming meeting. True / False

Alexander the Great and the Battle of Chaeronea

Alexander the Great and the Battle of Chaeronea Conflict Date: The Battle of Chaeronea is believed to have been fought around August 2, 338 BC during King Philip IIs wars with the Greeks. Armies Commanders: Macedon King Philip IIAlexander the Greatapprox. 32,000 men Greeks Chares of AthensLysicles of AthensTheagenes of Boeotiaapprox. 35,000 men Battle of Chaeronea Overview: Following unsuccessful sieges of Perinthus and Byzantium in 340 and 339 BC, King Philip II of Macedon found his influence over the Greek city-states waning. In an effort to reassert Macedonian supremacy, he marched south in 338 BC with the goal of bringing them to heel. Forming his army, Philip was joined by allied contingents from Aetolia, Thessaly, Epirus, Epicnemidian Locrian, and Northern Phocis. Advancing, his troops easily secured the town of Elateia which controlled the mountain passes to the south. With the Elateias fall, messengers alerted Athens to the approaching threat. Raising their army, the citizens of Athens dispatched Demosthenes to seek assistance from the Boeotians at Thebes. Despite past hostilities and ill-will between the two cities, Demosthenes was able to convince the Boeotians that the danger posed by Philip was a threat to all of Greece. Though Philip also sought to woo the Boeotians, they elected to join with the Athenians. Combining their forces, they assumed a position near Chaeronea in Boeotia. Forming for battle, the Athenians occupied the left, while the Thebans were on the right. Cavalry guarded each flank. Approaching the enemy position on August 2, Philip deployed his army with its phalanx infantry in the center and cavalry on each wing. While he personally led the right, he gave command of the left to his young son Alexander, who was aided by some of the best Macedonian generals. Advancing to contact that morning, the Greek forces, led by Chares of Athens and Theagenes of Boeotia, offered stiff resistance and the battle became deadlocked. As casualties began to mount, Philip sought to gain an advantage. Knowing that the Athenians were relatively untrained, he began withdrawing his wing of the army. Believing a victory was at hand, the Athenians followed, separating themselves from their allies. Halting, Philip returned to the attack and his veteran troops were able to drive the Athenians from the field. Advancing, his men joined Alexander in attacking the Thebans. Badly outnumbered, the Thebans offered a stiff defense which was anchored by their elite 300-man Sacred Band. Most sources state that Alexander was the first to break into the enemys lines at the head of a courageous band of men. Cutting down the Thebans, his troops played a key role in shattering the enemy line. Overwhelmed, the remaining Thebans were forced to flee the field. Aftermath: As with most battles in this period casualties for Chaeronea are not known with certainty. Sources indicate that Macedonian losses were high, and that over 1,000 Athenians were killed with another 2,000 captured. The Sacred Band lost 254 killed, while the remaining 46 were wounded and captured. While the defeat badly damaged Athens forces, it effectively destroyed the Theban army. Impressed with the Sacred Bands courage, Philip allowed the statue of a lion to be erected on the site to commemorate their sacrifice. With victory secured, Philip dispatched Alexander to Athens to negotiate a peace. In return for terminating hostilities and sparing the cities that had fought against him, Philip demanded pledges of allegiance as well as money and men for his planned invasion of Persia. Essentially defenseless and stunned by Philips generosity, Athens and the other city-states quickly agreed to his terms. The victory at Chaeronea effectively reestablished Macedonian hegemony over Greece and led to the formation of the League of Corinth. Selected Sources Diodorus of Sicily: Battle of ChaeroneaAncient History Sourcebook: Battle of Chaeronea

Child abuse overview and analysis Essays

Child abuse overview and analysis Essays Child abuse overview and analysis Essay Child abuse overview and analysis Essay All kids face many state of affairss in their developmental phases, some of these state of affairss are unsafe and some of them are good for child growing. Child maltreatment is one of these state of affairss that are harmful for kid as it can consequence the kid s physical, psychological, behavioural and cognitive developments. Child maltreatment can be classified into physical maltreatment, mental maltreatment, sexual maltreatment and disregard. It can be caused by mental unwellness, psychological job, household jobs, usage of drugs, emphasis, low socioeconomic position, unemployment, lovingness of kid with disablements and lavatory preparation. The abused kid may be presented with assorted physical hurts, emotional jobs behavioural and sexual jobs. Childs are our wealth and hope for future, so we all are committed to forestall kid maltreatment and to supply safe and healthy life for them. All kids have gone through many experiences before they grow to be genuinely mature. A kid can confront many risky things from the environment that might perilously impact the kid whole life. Child maltreatment is making something or neglecting to make something that consequence in injury to a kid. In add-on, the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act specify Child maltreatment as any action from grownup to a kid that it could be harmful to the kid s organic structure or mental ( Jirotran, 2008 ) . Child maltreatment is non a new phenomenon but during the recent old ages child maltreatment has had an addition in the populace s oculus. We see and hear about different instances of kid abuse all the clip in intelligence studies, online, newspapers, movie and sometimes by word of oral cavity in our community. Worldwide, about 40 million kids are subjected to child abuse each twelvemonth ( WHO, 2001, Merri, 2005 ) . Child maltreatment happens in all socio-economic, racial, cultural and spiritual groups although it is now known that it does non happen every bit over all groups. Child maltreatment could be physical maltreatment, sexual maltreatment, neglect and emotional maltreatment. In fact there are many factors lead to child maltreatment that are mental unwellness, psychological job, household jobs, usage of drugs, emphasis, , low socioeconomic position, unemployment, lovingness of kid with disablements and lavatory preparation. For over 30 old ages, clinicians have divide the effects of kid maltreatment in short- long term effects and described the effects on the physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioural development of kids. UNICEF estimates that two million kids died as a consequence of armed struggle during a recent 10-year period, and that another six million were injured or disabled ( Human Right Watch, 2001, cited in Merri, 2005 ) . In add-on, there are many marks of kid maltre atment harmonizing to the four classs every bit good as factors influence the effects of kid maltreatment. Classs of Child Abuse There are four general classs of child maltreatment now recognized as physical maltreatment, sexual maltreatment, neglect and emotional maltreatment. Each class, in bend, covers a kind of behaviour. First, physical maltreatment of kid involve the imposition of bodily hurt that consequences from pluging, whipping, kicking, biting, combustion, agitating or otherwise harming to a kid. It may be best defined as any non-accidental physical hurt by a individual who has attention, detention, or control of a kid. The definition contains two key facets, the act is knowing or wilful, and/or the act resulted in physical hurt. Accidental hurt does non measure up as kid maltreatment ( Stuart, G. W. A ; Laraia, M. T. , 2001 ) . The 2nd class of kid maltreatment is sexual maltreatment, which defined as illegal usage of a kid or stripling under the age of 17 by an grownup or another kid at least two old ages older than victim, for the intent of wrongdoers ain sexual satisfaction. Sexual maltreatment is one of the worst instances of kid maltreatment, it includes folding of kid s genitalias, intercourse, incest, colza, buggery and exhibitionism. Some kids can non state another grownup that they are being sexually abused. It is up to grownups to look for marks of sexual maltreatment. Furthermore, parents or health professionals besides mentally abuse their kids, such as shouting at them, endangering the kid, and abashing him or her. It may non go forth contusions or any physical grounds, but it does lower his/her self-esteem and will mark her/him mentally for the remainder of his/her life. The parents or health professional may non recognize he/she is mentally mistreating the kid, the parent or health professional may believe it is amusing, but when it is abashing and hurtful to the kid, it is mental maltreatment. Mental maltreatment will transport over to adult life, and the kid that is being mentally abused will go through it down to his/her kids. Furthermore, kid disregard is the failure to supply for a kid s basic emotional, physical or educational demands. It happens more frequently than we realize. The female parent can pretermit her unborn kid by imbibing drugs during gestation and by non taking attention of herself when she is caring for the kid. When the kid is born, it can be addicted to the intoxicant or drugs the female parent was utilizing when she was pregnant with the kid. The parents or health professionals can pretermit his/her kids by non supplying proper medical attention, such as if the kid gets ill and keeps acquiring worse, the parent does nt seek proper medical intervention for the kid. Furthermore, non passing clip with your kid is neglect. Not feeding your kid a well-balanced repast is pretermiting the kid s nutrition. A kid needs a well-balanced repast to turn up strong and healthy. Abandonment of a kid or deficiency of equal supervising besides constitutes neglect. All of these physical maltreatment, sexual maltreatment, mental maltreatment, and neglect demand to halt. Causes of Child Abuse Like any other maltreatment, kid maltreatment has many causes. The chief cause is mental unwellness every bit good as psychological job. The inclination is that people who are non in their right heads, could easy make injury to kids, whether intentionally or non. Besides, household jobs are major causes of kid maltreatment. For illustration, frequent matrimonial statements and kids in single-parent families were at a highest hazard of kid maltreatment than other kids. These parents projecting their ain jobs onto their kids and feeling that the kid is the cause of all their problems. They attempt to alleviate their anxiousness by assailing the kid alternatively of confronting their ain jobs. Besides, intoxicant and drugs play a large regulation in kid maltreatment as it might hold contributed to the increased kid maltreatment incidence because of the physiological, psychological, and sociological nature of dependence. In add-on, any one can mistreat or pretermit kid under certain fort unes such as emphasis. Parents or other individuals may lose control of their feeling of choler or defeats and direct such feeling toward a kid even if the kid had done nil incorrect. Although the most comprehensive U.S. authorities study on the incidence of kid maltreatment, found a correlativity between household income and kid maltreatment and disregard, most experts agree that the connexion between poorness and maltreatment is non easy explained. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1388/Causes-Effects-Child-Abuse-SOME-CONTRIBUTING-FACTORS-CHILD-ABUSE.html ) Besides, the effects of poorness may act upon other hazard factors, including depression, substance maltreatment, and domestic force. Harmonizing to the National Center for Children in Poverty ( NCCP ) , research has shown that the jobs of depression, substance maltreatment, and domestic force are interrelated and that these jobs are more likely to be prevailing among low-income households . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1388/Causes-Effects-Child-Abuse-SOME-CONTRIBUTING-FACTORS-CHILD-ABUSE.html ) In add-on, the 1975 National Family Violence Survey found rates of kid maltreatment that were well higher among households enduring from unemployment than among those in which the hubby was working full clip. Families in which the hubby was non working had a significantly higher rate of kid maltreatment than other households. These happening did non repeat, nevertheless, in the 1985 study, although married womans of unemployed hubbies did hold a higher rate of maltreatment than married womans of hubbies working full clip and this higher rate of married womans might hold been caused by added household emphasis because the male parent was unemployed . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1388/Causes-Effects-Child-Abuse-SOME-CONTRIBUTING-FACTORS-CHILD-ABUSE.html ) . Furthermore, kids with disablements are potentially at hazard for maltreatment because society by and large treats them as different and worthless. These kids born with some type of inborn defect that requires considerable attending and that may be a drain on the household fundss. Harmonizing to two commissions of the American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) -the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and the Committee on Children with Disabilities-children with disablements may besides be vulnerable to sexual maltreatment. Dependent on health professionals for their physical demands, these kids may non be able to separate between appropriate and inappropriate touching of their organic structures. The chances for sexual maltreatment may besides be increased if the kid depends on several health professionals for his or her demands. The AAP besides noted that kids with disablements might non be intellectually capable of understanding that they are being abused. They may non hold the commu nicating accomplishments to unwrap the maltreatment. In add-on, kids who experience some hurting when undergoing therapy may non be able to separate between inflicted hurting and therapy hurting . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1388/Causes-Effects-Child-Abuse-SOME-CONTRIBUTING-FACTORS-CHILD-ABUSE.html ) . However, toilet preparation can be one of the most frustrating events in the lives of parents and kids. Research workers are now associating it to many of the more serious, instances of maltreatment in kids between the ages of one to four old ages. Some parents have unrealistic outlooks sing intestine and vesica control for immature kids, and when their kids are unable to populate up to these criterions, the parents get angry. Parental emphasis and inability to command emotions play a function in kid maltreatment, but they require a trigger to put off the angry effusion. Dirty apparels and accidents often serve as this trigger. Effectss of Child Abuse As a kid, the head is wholly unfastened and susceptible with every experience holding a permanent feeling on you. Childs have different personality, so different kids respond otherwise to likewise opprobrious state of affairss. Children are of course swearing so when traumatic events occur in a kid s life such as colza, disregard or maltreatment, it s highly hard to retrieve due to the memory and experience subconsciously stuck in a kid s head. Children who have been physically, sexually or emotionally abused non merely endure a broad scope of effects from their victimization, but besides are at greater hazard to be abused once more. Most of the kids who have experienced kid maltreatment have traumas, particularly those who were involved in sexual maltreatment. For over 30 old ages, clinicians have described the effects of kid maltreatment and disregard on the physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioural development of kids. First of wholly, the physical maltreatment ranges from minor hurts to severe encephalon harm and even decease. Psychological maltreatment scope from chronic low self-pride to severe dissocializes provinces. The cognitive effects of maltreatment scope from attending jobs and larning upsets to severe organic encephalon syndromes. Behaviorally, the effects of maltreatment scope from hapless equal dealingss to peculiarly violent behaviours. Therefore, the effects of maltreatment and neglect affect the victims themselves and the society in which they live. On the other manus, effects of kid maltreatment divided in two chief parts depend on their continuance as short and long-run effects. The immediate effects of kid maltreatment can be highly serious, particularly in babies, where some of the serious hurts and human deaths result from agitating during the first 12 months of life. In both babies and older kids, the effects of kid maltreatment vary harmonizing to the types of maltreatment or disregard. The long-run effects of kid maltreatment can take to emotional jobs, behavioural jobs, and hapless public presentation in school. While these effects are non ever noticeable, they are of import. One tierce of abused and ignored kids will subsequently mistreat their ain kids, go oning the atrocious rhythm of maltreatment. As long-run surveies of low winners, blowouts, drug maltreaters, cocottes and incarcerated persons paint a distressing image. Abuse is a dependable and invasive component in their backgrounds. Low self-esteem and hapless s elf-concept are ever-present. As a kid, you learn how to move emotionally and psychically in different types of relationships. When sexually abused by person near to you, it s truly difficult to swear anyone turning up with the perceptual experience that many people could and desire to do injury to you. The relationship between the causes and effects of kid maltreatment is peculiarly debatable, since some factors ( such as low intelligence in the kid ) may assist excite opprobrious behaviour by the parent or caretaker, but low intelligence can besides be a effect of opprobrious experiences in early childhood. Abuse normally produces feelings of guilt, misdemeanor, loss of control and lowered self-pride. Even those who seem to be managing their maltreatment are concerned that it might go on once more, they did something incorrect and future relationships might be opprobrious. Indexs of Child Abuse The undermentioned marks can place Child maltreatment. The most common physical index of kid maltreatment is unexplained Burnss, cuts, contusions, or wales in the form of an object, bite Markss. Emotional indexs of kid maltreatment marks are apathy, ill will or emphasis, deficiency of concentration, depression every bit good as eating upsets. In add-on, sexual marks of kid maltreatment are physical ailments, drastic alterations in appetency, acquiring involved with intoxicant or drugs, depression, inappropriate involvement or cognition of sexual Acts of the Apostless, incubuss and bed-wetting, suicidal behaviours, unexplained puffiness, shed blooding or annoyance of oral cavity, genital or anal country, over conformity or inordinate aggression and fright of a peculiar individual or household member. Furthermore, the neglect marks are unsuitable vesture for conditions, visual aspect is soiled, utmost hungriness and evident deficiency of supervising. Abuse increase the hazard for all t he marks but the kid may digest maltreatment without developing any symptoms of maltreatment. Factors Influence the Effects of Child Abuse There are factors that have been shown to act upon the effects of maltreatment. Some of these factors are about how terrible the maltreatment was, and some are about the rational context of the maltreatment and the kid s reactions. Both types of factors are highly important. These factors are the age of the kid when the maltreatment happened, the younger is normally more harmful, but different effects are associated with different developmental periods. In add-on, who committed the maltreatment the effects are by and large worse when it was a parent, stepparent or trusted grownup than a alien as good whether the kid told anyone, and if so, the individual s response. A Doubting, ignoring, faulting and dishonoring responses can be highly harmful in some instances even more than the maltreatment itself. Furthermore, whether or non force was involved, and if so, how terrible and how long the maltreatment went on. There are besides extra factors that may differ for different people which are whether the maltreatment involved deliberately abashing the kid, how normal such maltreatment was in the drawn-out household and local civilization, Whether the kid had loving household members or cognize that person loved her or him, whether the kid had relationships in which negative feelings were acceptable, and could be expressed and managed safely and constructively and whether the kid had some good relationships with siblings, friends, instructors, managers, etc. Childs are portion of the society and each kid is vulnerable to mistreat, as it societal job can go on to any kid. Research indicates that every bit many as one out of every four kids will be the victims of some sorts of maltreatment. The maltreater can be any one within the household or out side the household. In general, child maltreatment classs in to physical maltreatment, mental maltreatment, sexual maltreatment and disregard. It can be caused by mental unwellness, psychological job, household jobs, usage of drugs, emphasis, low socioeconomic position, unemployment, lovingness of kid with disablements and lavatory preparation. Child maltreatment may take to short-long footings effects. In add-on, effects of kid maltreatment described as physical, psychological, behavioural and cognitive effects can be influence by many factors every bit good as identified by many symptoms. We as household are responsible to protect our kids from maltreatment. Therefore, we need to construct swearing relationship, to sit and to listen to our kids as they are the future coevals of this universe. Therefore, with aid from everyone we can halt kid maltreatment.